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Osteochondromas are cartilage-covered, histologically normal bony projections (exostoses) on the external surface of a bone in the vicinity of growth plates. They are the most common benign bone lesions and present during late childhood and adolescence. Although any bone with enchondral ossification may be involved, the femur, the proximal tibia,...

Synovial sarcoma is a rare soft-tissue sarcoma defined by the presence of a unique translocation, t(X;18)(q11.2;p11.2). It usually occurs adjacent to joints in the limbs and was originally thought to arise from synovium. However, synovial sarcoma is a misnomer and the origin of the tissue is unknown. Primary synovial sarcomas have...

Enchondromas are benign cartilaginous neoplasms that originate in the medullary canal of tubular bones, believed to result from growth of residual benign cartilage rests displaced from the physis. They are often incidental findings, occurring in just under 2% of the population based on autopsy series. Approximately half of all enchondromas occur...

Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft syndrome (EEC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the triad of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial clefting (Celli, Duijf, Hamel, et al. 1999). Other features noted in association with EEC include vesicoureteral reflux, recurrent urinary tract infections (Ramirez, Lammer, 2004), obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct (Peterson-Falzone, Hardin-Jones,...

Giant cell tumors of the bone are uncommon bone tumors which represent around 4-5% of primary bone tumors and 18% of all benign bone lesions. They are interesting in the fact that their classic radiographic appearance is easily identifiable. Giant cell tumors can either be benign or malignant, although the majority...

Dwarfism is typically a pathological condition in which the physical size of a person, animal, or plant is well below normal. This article primarily discusses dwarfism in human beings. Contents [hide] 1 Causes 2 Symptoms 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Insular dwarfism 6 Problems faced by dwarfs 7 Terminology 8 In popular...

DeQuervain's syndrome (also known as washerwoman's sprain, Radial styloid tenosynovitis or De Quervain's disease), named for Swiss surgeon Fritz de Quervain who first identified it in 1895, is an inflammation of the sheath or tunnel that surrounds two tendons that control movement of the thumb.

Cleidocranial dysostosis or Cleidocranial dysplasia is a hereditary congenital abnormality of humans due to haploinsufficiency caused by mutations in the CBFA1 gene. It has one or more of these features:- The collarbones are partly or completely missing. If they are completely missing, the shoulders can touch each other in front of...

Marfan syndrome is a genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by unusually long limbs and fingers. The disease also affects other structures and organs — including the lungs, eyes, heart, blood vessels and hard palate — in less visible ways. It is named after Antoine Marfan, the French pediatrician who first...

Ollier's Disease is a rare condition in which benign tumors form in developing bones and prevent proper bone growth. It is also known as Multiple Enchondromatosis. The condition was first described by French surgeon Louis Ollier (1830-1899). In individuals with Ollier's disease, benign tumors called enchondromas form in the cartilage cells...

A lipoma is a common, benign tumor composed of fatty tissue. Lipomas are soft to the touch, sometimes moveable, and are generally painless. They grow very slowly, and have not been found to become cancerous (malignant liposarcoma, however, also arises from fatty tissue). Many lipomas are small but can enlarge...

McCune-Albright syndrome (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia), described in 1937 by Donovan James McCune and Fuller Albright, is a genetic disorder of bones, skin pigmentation and hormonal problems along with premature puberty. It is suspected when two of the three following features are present: (autonomous) endocrine hyperfunction such as precocious puberty Fibrous dysplasia...

Definition Synovitis Acne -- commonly involving the face and upper back. Pustulosis -- usually involving the palms of the hands and/or soles of the feet (palmo-plantar pustulosis). Hyperostosis Osteitis SAPHO syndrome is thought to comprise a spectrum of disorders that share some clinical, radiologic and pathologic characteristics. An entity known as...

Dequervain's tenosynovitis of the first dorsal extensor compartment is a common affliction in any hand practice.

Definition Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in tissues without other known cause for granulomatous disease. The disease has a diversity of clinical manifestations, most commonly affecting the lungs, skin, lymph nodes, and eyes, but can involve any organ system, including the musculoskeletal system. Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal...

Osteopetrosis / marble bone disease, Albers-Schonberg disease / is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones harden, becoming denser. Normally, bone growth is a balance between osteoblasts (cells that create bone tissue) and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone tissue). Sufferers of osteopetrosis have a deficiency of osteoclasts, meaning too much...

Definition Septic arthritis is a common destructive arthropathy that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to avoid the significant morbidity that results from the loss of a joint. Therefore, it should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of monoarticular disease. Diagnosis Traditionally, the diagnosis of septic arthritis was based on clinical assessment and...

Ectodermal dysplasia is not a single disorder, but a group of closely related conditions. More than 150 different syndromes have been identified. Ectodermal dysplasias are described as "heritable conditions in which there are abnormalities of two or more ectodermal structures such as the hair, teeth, nails, sweat glands, cranial-facial structure, digits...

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant primary bone tumor. Osteosarcoma tends to occur in children and young adults typically 10-25 or 30 years of age. Osteosarcomas also tend to occur in patients in the sixth decade, likely related to malignant degeneration of Paget's disease. It is said that they tend...

Open Source Textbook of Musculoskeletal Radiology

Genu valgum, commonly called "knock-knees", is a condition where the knees angle in and touch one another when the legs are straightened. Individuals with severe valgus deformities are typically unable to touch their feet together while simultaneously straightening the legs.

Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Fibrous dyplasia From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection Fibrous dysplasia is a benign, developmental anomaly of the bone-forming mesenchyme in which the medullary cavity is replaced with fibrous material, woven bone, and spindle cells. Virtually any bone in the body can be affected. It is a nonhereditary disorder of...

Definition Most common of osteochondrodysplasias characterized by formation of multiple osteochondromas. Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Hereditary Multiple Exostoses From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection