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Shoulder Instability Tests From University of Washington
Laxity Tests
* These tests examine the amount of translation allowed by the shoulder starting from positions where the ligaments are normally loose.
* These are tests of laxity, not tests for instability : Many normally...

Author: Beth B Froese, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Orthopaedic Associates of DuPage Ltd
Synonyms and related keywords: spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, spinal abnormality, spinal disfunction, SCI, spinal cord injury, low back pain, LBP, disk pain, disc pain, discogenic pain, diskogenic pain
Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis...

Madelung deformity (MD) of the wrist is characterized by a growth disturbance in the volar-ulnar distal radial physis that results in a volar and ulnar tilted distal radial articular surface, volar translation of the hand and wrist, and a dorsally prominent distal ulna. It occurs predominantly in adolescent females who...

Os odontoideum describes a condition in which the dens is separated from the axis body. Os odontoideum initially was thought to be a congenital failure of fusion of the dens to the remainder of the axis. As such, it usually is grouped with other craniocervical junction abnormalities, such as dental...

Synonyms and related keywords: lumbosacral spondylolisthesis, isthmic spondylolisthesis, spondylolysis, hyperextension of the lumbar spine, lumbar spine hyperextension, hyperextended back, hyperextended spine, back pain, lower back pain, low back pain, LBP, spondylolytic spondylolisthesis, lytic spondylolisthesis, pars interarticularis stress fracture, spine stress fracture
Author: Adam E Perrin, MD, FAAFP, Consulting Staff, Spine and...

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) originates from the tibial plateau just medial and anterior to the tibial eminence. The ACL tracts from the tibia superiorly, laterally, and posteriorly to its insertion on the posterior aspect of the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle. The ACL is composed of 2...

JBJS VOLUME 83-A · NUMBER 7 · JULY 2001 BY MANJUNATH KOTI, MS(AIIMS), DNB(ORTH), FRCS(GLAS), AND NICOLA MAFFULLI, MD, MS, PHD, FRCS(ORTH) ➤The bunionette, or tailor’s bunion, is a painful osseous prominence on the lateral aspect of the head of the fifth metatarsal. This prominence occurs in many individuals but seldom causes...

From Spine 29(5):536-546, 2004
Selective Thoracic Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis With C Modifier Lumbar Curves: 2- to 16-Year Radiographic and Clinical Results
Posted 03/15/2004 Charles C. Edwards II, MD; Lawrence G. Lenke, MD; Michael Peelle, MD; Brenda Sides, MA; Anthony Rinella, MD; Keith H. Bridwell, MD
Conclusions: Satisfactory results are...

Medscape 2000 Locking and Poller Screws For fractures located in the metaphysis of the proximal or distal tibia, intramedullary nailing achieves less fracture site stability than nailing of diaphyseal fractures. This is caused by the decreased contact between the nail and the endosteal surface of the tibia. This, in turn, places more...

The unique anatomy of the thoracolumbar junction predisposes this level of the spinal column to dislocation fractures. As the thoracic spine loses its structural rigidity with floating ribs at T11 and T12, the orientation of the facet joints also changes from a more frontal projection to oblique and then sagittal...

function and natural history:
- provides 95% of total restraining force to straight posterior translation of the tibia relative to femur;
- secondary restraints to posterior displacement of the tibia...

Genetics Objectives
1. Define: genome, chromosome, gene, allele, intron, exon, codon, haploid, diploid, mutation, homeobox gene, transcription, translation, receptor, recombinant protein, karyotype, genotype, phenotype, penetrance, variable expressivity, anticipation, pleitropy
2. Define the process by which genetic material is transferred from the nucleus to the synthesized protein