Review article by Minoo Patel in eMedicine
Clubfoot can be classified as (1) postural or positional or (2) fixed or rigid. Postural or positional clubfeet are not true clubfeet. Fixed or rigid clubfeet are either flexible (ie, correctable without surgery) or resistant (ie, require surgical release, though this is not entirely...

List of titles of articles in the Orthopedic section of eMedicine. Note that several orthopaedic topics are also found under Emergency, Neurosurgery, Sports & Rheumatology sections

eMedicine article

Primary lymphoma of bone is an uncommon disease and must be separated from skeletal involvement in systemic lymphoma. The former is stage IE (extranodal, see Staging) disease and may present to the orthopedic surgeon prior to biopsy as a solitary bone lesion simulating a bone sarcoma. The latter, by definition,...

Campbell originally coined the term gamekeeper's thumb in 1955,1 because this condition was most commonly associated with Scottish gamekeepers, especially rabbit keepers, in whom the injury was work related. The injury occurred as the men sacrificed game such as rabbits; the animals' necks were broken between the ground and the...

eMedicine Article (2004) by Lisa Kirkland MD (Internist)
Synonyms and related keywords: fat embolism syndrome, FES, fat emboli, fat embolus, fat droplet in venous system, blunt trauma, fracture complication, blunt trauma complication, altered mental status

Links to articles in the list of musculoskeletal procedures prepared by eMedicine. Many of these procedure have already been added to OWL but new titles may be added.

Includes short introduction, differentials, findings (including X-rays), and a bibliography. Free, but requires registration. Peer Reviewed eMedicine article.
Synonyms and related keywords: ankle fracture, broken ankle, fractured ankle, broken ankle bone, fractured ankle bone, fractured anklebone, broken anklebone, Ottawa ankle rules, broken foot, fractured foot, sprained ankle, twisted ankle

eMedicine article on diaphyseal femur fractures.
Orthopedic surgeons often encounter diaphyseal femur fractures. Because these fractures most often result from high-energy trauma, one must have a high index of suspension for complications or other injuries.
Eastwood & Biggs 2008 updated

eMedicine 2004 Patel Updated 2009
Synonyms and related keywords: tibial delayed union, aseptic nonunion, infected nonunion, tibial fractures, fractures of the tibia, nonunions of the tibia, broken leg, leg fracture, delayed healing, hypertrophic nonunions, atrophic nonunions, normotrophic nonunions, long bone fractures

Includes introduction, differentials, and findings (including X-rays). Free, but requires registration. Professional eMedicine article

eMedicine Cara Novick 2005
Synonyms and related keywords: duplicate toe, extra toe, duplicate digit, extra digit, forefoot anomaly, syndactyly, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, trisomy 13, tibial hemimelia, trisomy 21
Polydactyly most commonly refers to the presence of 6 toes on one foot, but more toes are possible. Polydactyly may be associated with syndactyly....

eMedicine updated 2010
A fracture is defined as a disruption in the integrity of a living bone, involving injury to the bone marrow, periosteum, and adjacent soft tissues. Many types of fractures exist, such as pathologic, stress, and greenstick fractures. When a fracture occurs, it is described radiographically and clinically in...

Orthopaedic Surgery Articles (diagnosis, presentation, patient history, treatment, surgical procedures, surgical techniques, follow-up) - eMedicine

eMedicine - Osteopetrosis : Article by Anuj Bhargava Background A German radiologist, Albers-Schönberg, first described osteopetrosis in 1904. Osteopetrosis is a clinical syndrome characterized by the failure of osteoclasts to resorb bone. As a consequence, bone modeling and remodeling are impaired. The defect in bone turnover characteristically results in skeletal fragility despite...

eMedicine 2005 Compartment syndrome (CS) is a limb-threatening and life-threatening condition observed when perfusion pressure falls below tissue pressure in a closed anatomic space. The current body of knowledge unequivocally reflects that untreated CS leads to tissue necrosis, permanent functional impairment, and, if severe, renal failure and death.

Author: D Dean Thornton, MD 2007
Pelvic ring fractures occur as the result of high-energy blunt trauma, as in motor vehicle collisions and falls. These injuries are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, both from the complications of pelvic ring fractures and from commonly associated injuries. Recognition of the pattern of...

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a syndrome of massive imbalanced reflex sympathetic discharge occurring in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) above the splanchnic sympathetic outflow (T5-T6). Anthony Bowlby first recognized this syndrome in 1890 when he described profuse sweating and erythematous rash of the head and neck initiated by bladder...

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and represents an increasingly serious problem, particularly as the population ages. It has been most commonly recognized in elderly white women, although it does occur in both sexes, all races, and all age groups.
Updated 2011 Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization...

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) of the knee has been the subject of many debates. The role of the PCL has become a topic of interest across the subspecialties of trauma, sports medicine, and knee arthroplasty. What, if any, treatment is required for a PCL-deficient knee is still a widely...

Nerve injury can be defined as a defect that results in a disruption of a nerve such that it can no longer transmit an action potential. A wide range of injury types and severities have been classified and should be considered. Two classification schemes have been practiced widely by clinicians...

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a relatively uncommon soft tissue neoplasm with intermediate-to-low grade malignancy. Although metastasis rarely occurs, DFSP is a locally aggressive tumor with a high recurrence rate.

Synonyms and related keywords: abnormal curvature, bends, lateral curvature, curved spinal, spinal curvature, postural scoliosis, structural scoliosis, Dickson classification, Heuter-Volkman law, infantile idiopathic scoliosis, juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis, angle of trunk rotation, ATR, Ponseti-Friedman classification, King-Moe classification, Lenke classification, Cobb-Webb technique, Cobb angle, Cobb-Webb angle, Nash-Moe,...

Descriptions of myofascial pain date back to the mid 1800s when Froriep described muskelschwiele or muscle calluses. He described these calluses as tender areas in muscle that felt like a cord or band associated with rheumatic complaints. In the early 1900s, Gowers first used the term fibrositis to describe muscular...

The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is a diarthrodial articulation with an interposed fibrocartilaginous meniscal disk that links the hyaline cartilage articular surfaces of the acromial process and the clavicle. The joint is stabilized by a combination of dynamic muscular and static ligamentous structures, which allow a normal anatomic range of motion....