Intoeing (Subscribe)  

Intoeing
Covers metatarsus adductus, internal tibial torsion, femoral anteversion, bow knees.

femoral version is defined as the angular difference between axis of femoral neck and transcondylar axis of the knee;
- excessive femoral anteversion (medial femoral torsion) is most common cause of in-toeing that first presents in early childhood;
- it is twice as common in girls as in boys, it is nearly...

OBJECTIVES: We investigated hip rotation degrees, frequency of intoeing problems, and sitting habits in nursery school children and the relationship between these parameters. METHODS: The study included 1,134 children (612 boys, 522 girls), aged between three to six years, attending 26 nursery schools in the central area of Afyon. First,...

In-toeing and out-toeing problems are generally physiologic variants that arise from in utero posturing, and that gradually correct spontaneously during the active growing years of the child. Few torsional deformities result in genuine problems. Most residual effects are cosmetic, compounded by the anguish of concerned relatives and friends. Rarely is...

One or a combination of three processes most commonly cause in-toeing: metatarsus adductus, internal tibial torsion, and femoral anteversion. Fortunately, they rarely require treatment and usually get better with time.
James Alfandre, M.D. Columbus, Georgia

medial rotation of the tibia at the knee causes an intoeing gait;
- it is measured by the angular difference between transmalleolar axis & bicondylar axis of knee;
- may result in part to excessive medial ligamentous tightness;
- it is associated with metatarsus adductus in about one-third;
- infant exhibits in-toeing and may...

Intoeing is very common in young children. Most of the time, intoeing goes away without any treatment at all. In a few children, it doesn't get better on its own and must be treated.

Review article (full text)
R Kane Bull N Y Acad Med. 1987 November; 63(9): 828–834.

Rotational deformities are common lower extremity abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy, which include intoeing and outtoeing. Intoeing is caused by one of the three types of deformity: increased femoral anteversion, internal tibial torsion, and metatarsus varus, while out-toeing, the less common form, is caused by femoral retroversion and external...